①”Knitter” is a derogatory term used to describe the lower and middle-class women of Paris who, during the French Revolution, sat in the public gallery of the National Convention, knitting while listening and participating in the debates. Their historical portrayal has often been negative, as seen in Charles Dickens' novel A Tale of Two Cities, and 19th-century French paintings such as The Knitting Jacobin Women. These depictions often convey a mix of awe, fear, and disgust towards this group that was seen as "abandoning the virtues of women in the home." The prevalent stereotypical view of women as emotional, hysterical, and volatile during that time further contributed to their portrayal as a symbol of the mob's fanaticism, ignorance, fickleness, and vengeful stance.
With the development of women's history research, "Knitters" are gradually being reevaluated. French historian Mathilde Larrère, in her work Rage against the Machisme, views this group as early representatives of women's political consciousness and provides them with a positive appraisal: "Glory to you, knitting citizeness!"
②Marquis de Condorcet (1743~1794): A renowned French philosopher, mathematician, and politician, Condorcet was one of the prominent figures of the Enlightenment. He belonged to the moderate during the Revolution but held quite progressive and forward-thinking ideas for his time. He authored works like Reflections on Negro Slavery and On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship, and actively advocated for equal rights for Jews. His writing style was often sharp and humorous, as seen in his famous argument in On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship: "Why should people who are exposed to pregnancies and temporary illnesses not be able to exercise rights that we would never dream of depriving people who have gout every winter and catch colds easily?"
In 1793, Condorcet was ordered to be arrested by the National Convention due to his association with the Girondins and died in prison the following year.
③Philippe ?galité (1747~1793): Originally known as Duke of Orléans Louis Philippe Joseph, was a member of the Orléans family, a cadet branch of the Bourbon dynasty that ruled France. He was the cousin of King Louis XVI.
He was a passionate supporter of the French Revolution, known for distributing food and money to the poor and providing shelter for the homeless during the harsh winter months. He believed that his name was not in line with democratic and Enlightenment ideals, therefore requested that the people of Paris allow him to change his name to "?galité," meaning "equality" in French.
In April 1793, his son, Duke of Chartres, defected to Austria with French army commander General Dumouriez. Philippe ?galité was accused of conspiring with Dumouriez and was arrested on April 6, 1793. He was executed by guillotine on November 6 of the same year. His son, Louis Philippe, later became King of France.
There is still some debate over the extent to which his enthusiasm for the Revolution was genuine or merely for show.